Shenzhen Feiyi OptoelectronicPrecision Optical Splitters for FTTH & PON Networks
Optical Splitters & Split Ratios
Understanding Power Division in FTTH & PON Networks
In modern FTTH and PON deployments, optical splitters quietly enable one fiber to serve multiple users efficiently. As a specialized manufacturer with 11 years of experience, Shenzhen Feiyi Optoelectronic supplies high-performance PLC splitters designed for reliability and consistency in access networks.
What is an Optical Splitter?
An optical splitter is a passive device that divides a single optical signal into multiple output fibers. It requires no electricity and is widely used in GPON, EPON, and XGS-PON networks.
- Installed in ODFs, distribution cabinets, or fiber access terminals
- Reduces cost by allowing multiple subscribers to share one OLT port
- Introduces insertion loss due to signal division
Understanding Split Ratios
The split ratio defines how many outputs a single input fiber is divided into.
| Splitter Type | Output Ports | Typical Application |
|---|---|---|
| 1:2 Splitter | 2 outputs | Small offices, backup links |
| 1:4 Splitter | 4 outputs | MDUs, small buildings |
| 1:8 Splitter | 8 outputs | Residential clusters |
| 1:16 Splitter | 16 outputs | Standard FTTH deployments |
| 1:32 Splitter | 32 outputs | High-density FTTH |
| 1:64 Splitter | 64 outputs | Large-scale PON networks |
How Optical Power Divides
Optical power is measured in dBm. When power splits, it decreases logarithmically.
- 1:2 split ≈ 3.0 dB loss
- 1:4 split ≈ 6.0 dB loss
- 1:8 split ≈ 9.0 dB loss
- 1:16 split ≈ 12.0 dB loss
- 1:32 split ≈ 15.0 dB loss
- 1:64 split ≈ 18.0 dB loss
Plus additional insertion loss (<0.5 dB for quality splitters).
Example:
If OLT transmits at +3 dBm and a 1:8 splitter is used:
+3 dBm – 9 dB (splitting loss) – 0.5 dB (excess loss) ≈ -6.5 dBm before fiber loss.
That is why power budget calculation is critical in FTTH design.
Why Split Ratio Selection Matters
Choosing the correct split ratio directly affects:
- Network reach
- Signal quality
- ONT stability
- Future scalability
- Customer experience
Higher split ratio = Lower cost per user, but also = Higher attenuation.
Engineers must balance coverage vs performance.
PLC vs FBT Splitters
PLC (Planar Lightwave Circuit) Splitter
- Most common in FTTH
- Excellent uniformity across wavelengths
- Compact size
- Wavelength stable
FBT (Fused Biconical Taper) Splitter
- Used for low split ratios
- Cost-effective for 1:2, 1:4
- Less uniform at higher splits
At Feiyi, we specialize in PLC splitters for their superior uniformity, wavelength stability, and reliability in FTTH environments.
Link Budget Essentials
When planning your network, always consider:
- OLT transmit power (dBm)
- Fiber attenuation (~0.35 dB/km at 1310 nm)
- Connector and splice loss
- Splitter insertion loss
- Required ONT receive sensitivity (typically -27 dBm for GPON)
A well-calculated link budget prevents service instability and costly rework.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the main function of an optical splitter?
It divides one optical signal into multiple outputs without using electricity.
Why does power decrease after splitting?
Because the optical energy is divided among multiple output ports.
What is the loss of a 1:32 splitter?
Approximately 15–17 dB including insertion loss.
Which splitter is better for FTTH: PLC or FBT?
PLC is preferred for higher split ratios and better uniformity across wavelengths.
Where are splitters installed?
In ODFs, FDH cabinets, or fiber distribution points.
Why Choose Feiyi?
With over a decade of experience, Shenzhen Feiyi Optoelectronic offers:
- Custom split ratios and packaging
- Low insertion loss and high uniformity
- Telcordia-qualified reliability
- Factory-direct pricing
- Fast worldwide delivery
- Technical support for your projects
Need optical splitters for your FTTH project?
Contact us for specifications, samples, or a quote.
